History

A word Kapampangan is from either a rootword pampang which means flow of any stream bank.

Super little is known just about a language before a arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century.

In the 18th century, ii books were written by Fr. Diego Bergaño. He authored Vocabulario delaware la lengua Pampanga & Arte delaware la lengua Pampanga.

2 19th-century Kapampangan writers come hailed when existence a same of William Shakespeare around Kapampangan literature. Father Anselmo Fajardo was noted for his works Gonzalo de Córdova & Comedia Heróica diamond state la Conquista diamond state Granada. An additional writer, Juan Crisostomo Soto, was noted for writing numbers of plays. He authored Alang Dios inside 1901. A Kapampangan poetic tilt "Crissotan" was coined by his fellow literary genius Nobel Prize candidate for peace & literature in the Fifty's, Amado M. Yuzon to immortalize his contribution to Pampanga's Literature.

Classification

Kapampangan occurs as Northern Philippine language within the Austronesian language family.

A position of Kapampangan among a Northern Philippine language personal is non clear. It's been grouped by SIL as a member of the geographically disjointed Bashiic-Central Luzon-Northern Mindoro language subfamily. This includes languages prefer Ivatan (spoken north of Luzon), Yami (spoken in Taiwan), and Iraya of the island of Mindoro.

Kapampangan's nighest relatives come a Sambal languages of Zambales province and a Bolinao language spoken in the city of Bolinao, Pangasinan.

Virtually entirely, within case does'nt all, one languages part a equivalent instinctive reflex of the Proto-Austronesian consonant *R, which is /y/ in people languages.

Geographic distribution

Kapampangan is primarily spoken in the provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac. It likewise spoken in the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, and Bataan.

A Philippine Nose count of 2000 states that 2,312,870 away from 76,332,470 population speak Kapampangan as a native language.

Sounds

Standard Kapampangan has Twenty-one phonemes: 15 consonants and five vowels. Occasionally american accent of Kapampangan keep around captain hicks vowels. Syllable structure is comparatively elementary. Apiece syllable contains at least the consonant & the vowel.

Vowels

Prior to a arrival of the Spanish, Kapampangan got terzetto vowel phonemes: . This was late expanded to 5 vowels by using a introduction of Spanish words.

It is:

an open front unrounded vowel similar to English "father" an open-mid front unrounded vowel similar to English "bed" the close front unrounded vowel similar to English "machine" the close-mid back rounded vowel similar to English "forty" the close back unrounded vowel similar to English "flute"

There are quartet independent diphthongs; . Though inside virtually all accent, it is reduced to simply ii.

Consonants

Following occurs as chart of Kapampangan consonants. All the blocks come unaspirated. A velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.

Unlike more Philippine languages, Kapampangan lacks a phoneme /h/.

Stress

Stress is phonemic within Kapampangan. Primary stress occurs in either the previous or even a next-to-a syllable of a word. Vowel protraction accompanies primary or even secondary stress except after stress occurs at the prevent of a word.

Phonology

is raised slightly inside unstressed positions In a bit of american accents, (deep). Still, this healthy has merged by having /a/ for virtually all Kapampangan speakers. Unstressed when inside English "bit" At the prevent of a word & declarative sentences, . However, around emphatic & interogatory statements, . Thus, nanu ini? becomes nanu ine? (Translation: what is this?) At the prevent of a word & declarative phrase, *However, inside emphatic & interogatory statements, . Then, ninu we Pedru? becomes ninu i personally Pedro? (Translation: world health organization is Pedro?) Unstressed when inside English "book" The diphthong inside numbers of Kapampangan accents, especially a standard 1. The diphthong inside numerous Kapampangan accents, especially a standard of these. between vowels when around German "bach" come allophones within Kapampangan. the glottal prevent that occurs at a prevent of a word is typically omitted while it's midmost of the phrase.

Historical sound changes

Around Kapampangan, a Proto-Philippine schwa vowel is tanam (to plant) inside Kapampangan. Compare by owning Tagalog tanim & Cebuano tanom.

Proto-Philippine . E.g., a Kapampangan word for "new" is bayu when within Tagalog these are bago & baro around Ilokano.

Grammar

Nouns

When Kapampangan nouns are non inflected, they are unremarkably preceded by out break markers. There are leash types of example markers: absolutive (nominative), ergative (genitive), and oblique.

Unlike English and Spanish which are nominative-accusative languages, Kapampangan is an ergative-absolutive language. It's the most common misconception that Kapampangan is ofttimes spoken in the passive voice.

Absolutive or even nominative markers mark the actor of an intransitive form & a object of a transitive verb.

Ergative or even possessive markers mark the object (generally indefinite) of an intransitive & a actor of a transitive a single. It besides marks possession.

Devious markers come similar to prepositions inside English. It marks items like location & counsel.

What is more, noun markers come divided into 2 classes: of these for list of humans (home) & a 2nd for all about else (green).

Following occurs as chart of outbreak markers.

Examples:

Dinatang ya ing lalaki.
"The man arrived."

Ikit neng Juan i personally Maria.
"John saw Maria."

Munta la rhode island Elena at Robertu king bale nang Miguel.
"Elena and Roberto will go to Miguel's house."

Nukarin la ring libro?
"Where are the books?"

Ibie ke ing susi kang Carmen.
"I will give Carmen the keys."

Pronouns

Kapampangan pronouns come categorized by example: absolutive, ergative, & devious.

Examples:

Sinulat ku.
"I wrote."

Silatanan na ku.
"(He) wrote me."

Dinatang ya.
"He has arrived."

Sabyan maine kaku.
"Tell me it."

Ninu ing minaus keka?
"Who called you?

Mamasa la.
"It is reading."

Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can take the place of the genitive pronoun but they precede the word they modify.

Ing bale ku.
Ing kakung bale.
"The home."

The dual pronounce ikata refers to only the first and second persons.

The inclusive pronoun ikatamu refers to the first and second persons. It may also refer to a third person(s).

The exclusive pronoun ikamí refers to the first and third persons but excludes the second.

Ala tang nasi.
"I personally personally (that you & I) don't keep close at hand rice."

Ala tamung nasi.
"We personally (we & I & individual else) don't keep close at hand rice."

Ala keng nasi.
"I personally (individual else & I, but not wise shoppers) don't own rice."

Furthermore, Kapampangan stands out among many Philippine languages in requiring the presence of the pronoun even if the noun it represents, or the grammatical antecedent, is present.

Dinatang ya i Erning. (not *dinatang i Erning)
"Ernie arrived."

Mamasa la ri Maria at Juan. (not *mamasa ri Maria at Juan)
"Maria & Juan come reading."

Silatanan na kang José. (not *silatanan kang José)
"José wrote wise shoppers."

As a comparison, it would be akin to sayinbg *dumating siya si Erning, *bumabasa sila sina Maria at Juan and *sinulatan ka niya ni José in Tagalog.

Special forms

The pronouns ya and la have special forms when they are used in conjunction with the words ati (there is/are) and ala (there is/are not).

Ati yu king Pampanga. (not *Ati ya king Pampanga)
"He is within Pampanga."

Ala lu ring doktor keni. (not *ala la ring tau keni)
The doctors are no longer here.

Pronoun combinations

The order and forms in which Kapampangan pronouns appear in sentences are outlined in the following chart.

Kapampangan pronouns follow a certain order following verbs or particles like negation words. The enclitic pronoun is always first followed by another pronoun or discourse marker.

Ikit da ka.
"We saw busy people."

Silatanan na ku.
"He wrote to maine."

However, the following constructions are incorrect: *ikit ka da and *silatanan ku na

Also, pronouns combine to form one portmanteau pronoun.

Ikit ke. (instead of Ikit ku ya)
"We saw her."

Dinan kong pera. (instead of Dinan ku lang pera.)
"We gave the children money."

Portmanteau pronouns are not usually used in questions and while using the word naman. Furthermore,

Akakit mya? (instead of akakit me?)
Do you see him?

Buri nya naman yan. (instead of buri ne naman yan'')
He likes this one, on the other hand.

The chart below outlines the permitted combinations of pronouns. There are blank entries to denote combinations which are deemed impossible.

The column headings (i.e., yaku, ika, etc.) in bold denote pronouns in the absolutive case while the row headings (i.e., ku, mu, etc.) denote pronouns in the ergative case.

Demonstrative pronouns

Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns are outlined in the chart below.

This particular system of demonstrative pronouns differs with other Philippine languages by having having separate forms for the singular and plural.

The demonstrative pronouns ini and iti (as well as their respective forms) both mean "this" but each have distinct uses.

Iti usually refers to something abstract but may also refer to concrete nouns. For example, iting musika (this music), iti ing gagawan mi (this is what we do).

Ini is always concrete and never abstract. For example ining libru (this book), ini ing asu na ni Juan'' (this is Juan's dog).

Furthermore, in their locative forms, keni is used when the person spoken to is not near the subject spoken of. Keti, on the other hand, when the person spoken is near the subject spoken of. For example, two people in the same country will refer to their country as keti however, they will refer to their respective towns as keni. Both mean here.

Nanu ini?
"What's this?"

Mangabanglu la rening sampaga.
"These flowers come fragrant."

Ninu ing lalaking ita?
"World health organization is that human?"

Me keni.
"Came on this button."

Ati ku keti.
"We are on this button."

Mangan la keta.
"It may eat there."

Ninu ing anak niyan?
"World health organization is the kid of that?"

Oyta ya pala ing salamin mo!
"And then that's in which the glasses come!"

E ku pa menakit karen.
"I personally haven't seen these eventually."

Oreni adwang regalo para keka.
"On this text come 2 gift for we."

Verbs

Kapampangan verbs are morphologically complex and take on a variety of affixes reflecting focus, aspect, mode, and others

Ambiguities and irregularities

Speakers of other Philippine languages find Kapampangan verbs to be more difficult than their own languages' verbs due to some verbs belonging to unpredictable verb classes as well as ambiguity with certain verb forms.

To illustrate this, let's take the rootword sulat (write) which exists in both Tagalog and Kapampangan.

For example:

susulat means "is writing" in Kapampangan but "may write" in Tagalog. sumulat means "might write" in Kapampangan but "wrote" in Tagalog. This form is also the infinitive in both languages. sinulat means "wrote" in both languages. However in Kapampangan it's in the actor focus but object focus in Tagalog

The object-focus suffix -an represents two types of focuses. However, the only difference between the two is that one of the conjugations preserves -an in the completed aspect while it is dropped in the other conjugation. Take the two verbs below:

Note that other Philippine languages have separate forms. For example, there is -in and -an in Tagalog, -on and -an in Bikol and in most of the Visayan languages, and -en and -an in Ilokano. This is due to historical sound changes concerning Proto-Philippine /*e/ mentioned above.

There are a number of actor-focus verbs which do not use the infix -um- but are usually conjugated like other verbs that do. For example, gawa (to do), bulus (to immerse), terak (to dance), lukas (to take off), sindi (to smoke), saklu (to fetch), takbang (to step), tuki (to accompany), etc. are used instead of *gumawa, *bumulus, *tumerak, *lumukas, *sumindi, *sumaklu, *tumakbang, *tumuki,

Many of the verbs mentioned in the previous paragraph undergo a change of their vowel rather than use the infix -in- (completed aspect). In the actor focus (i.e., -um- verbs), this happens only to verbs having the vowel /u/ in the first syllable. For example, the verb lucas (to take off) is conjugated lukas (will take off), lulukas (is taking off), and likas (took off) (rather than *linukas).

This chance of vowel also applies to certain object-focus verbs in the completed aspect. In addition to /u/ becoming /i/, /a/ becomes /e/ in certain cases. For example, dela (brought something) and not *dinala, semal (worked on something) and not *sinamal, and seli (bought) and not *sinali.

Furthermore, there is no written distinction between the two mag- affixes in writing. Magsalita can either mean is speaking or will speak. There is an audible difference, however. means "is speaking".

Conjugation chart

Below is a chart of the basic Kapampangan verbal affixes.

Examples

Some Common Phrases
Kumusta naka? - How are you? Masalese ku pu. - I'm fine. Nanung lagyu mu?- What is your name?

Numbers